Spinal or neurological deficit is one of the most severe complications in surgical correction of scoliosis, which may lead to catastrophic results. The neurological complications related to correction surgery for scoliosis, especially severe scoliosis, are now becoming the focus of spine surgeons. Since the differences exist in patient distribution, etiology and surgical procedures, the rate of neurological complications reported in previous literatures differs. The etiology of scoliosis has been proven to be a related factor for neurological complications in correction of severe scoliosis, and the patients with non-idiopathic scoliosis would take more risks than idiopathic scoliosis patients. Osteotomy, particularly 3-column osteotomy, is another risk factor for neurological complications. Due to complicated procedures in ocrrection of scoliosis, great attetion should paid to the operation plan. Meanwhile, prevention of neurological complications should be focused on and intra-operative neuro-monitoring is a necessity for any scoliosis surgery.